Gibbs free energy的問題，透過圖書和論文來找解法和答案更準確安心。 我們找到下列問答集和資訊懶人包

Thermodynamic Equilibrium and Stability of Materials

為了解決Gibbs free energy的問題，作者Chen, Long-Qing 這樣論述：

This is a textbook on thermodynamics of materials for junior/senior undergraduate students and first-year graduate students as well as a reference book for researchers who would like to refresh their understanding of thermodynamics.The textbook employs a plain language to explain the thermodynamic c

oncepts and quantities. It embraces the mathematical beauty and rigor of Gibbs thermodynamics through the fundamental equation of thermodynamics from which all thermodynamic properties of a material can be derived. However, a reader with basic first-year undergraduate calculus skills will be able to

get through the book without difficulty. One unique feature of this textbook is the descriptions of the step-by-step procedures for computing all the thermodynamic properties from the fundamental equation of thermodynamics and all the thermodynamic energies from a set of common, experimentally meas

urable thermodynamic properties, supplemented with ample numerical examples.Another unique feature of this textbook is its emphasis on the concept of chemical potential and its applications to phase equilibria in single component systems and binary solutions, chemical reaction equilibria, and lattic

e and electronic defects in crystals. The concept of chemical potential is introduced at the very beginning of the book together with temperature and pressure. It avoids or minimizes the use of terms such as molar Gibbs free energy, partial molar Gibbs free energy, or Gibbs potential because molar G

ibbs free energy or partial molar Gibbs free energy is precisely the chemical potential of a material or a component. It is the chemical potential that determines the stability of chemical species, compounds, and phases and their tendency to chemically react to form new species, transform to new phy

sical state, and migrate from one spatial location to another. Therefore, it is the chemical potential differences or gradients that drive essentially all materials processes of interest. A reader after finishing reading the book is expected to not only achieve a high-level fundamental understanding

of thermodynamics but also acquire the analytical skills of applying thermodynamics to determining materials equilibrium and driving forces for materials processes. Long-Qing Chen received B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees, all in materials science and engineering, from Zhejiang University, Stony Broo

k University, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, respectively. He has been teaching thermodynamics of materials and kinetics of materials at Penn State since 1992 and is currently the Donald W. Hamer Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, Professor of Engineering Science and Mec

hanics, and Professor of Mathematics. He has published over 600 papers in the area of thermodynamics, kinetics, and computational modeling of materials processes and microstructure evolution in structural alloys, functional ceramics, energy materials, and polymer-based composites. Prof. Chen is the

Editor-in-Chief for npj Computational Materials published by Springer Nature. He is a fellow of several major professional materials societies including Materials Research Society (MRS), The Metals, Minerals and Materials (TMS) Society, the American Ceramic Society (ACerS), and American Society for

Metals (ASM) International as well as a fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) and of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). He has received many awards for his research including the 2014 MRS Materials Theory Award, the Humboldt Prize, and a Guggenheim Fellowship.

Fundamental Chemistry：Principles and Applications（原著第八版）

為了解決Gibbs free energy的問題，作者（美）威廉L.馬斯特頓 等 這樣論述：

《FundamentalChemistry:PrinciplesandApplications》主要參考醫學類相關專業《基礎化學》教學大綱所規定的教學內容改編而成，整合改編後共15章內容，主要包括：原子（Atoms）、電子結構和元素週期表（ElectronicStructureandthePeriodicTable）、共價鍵（CovalentBonding）、熱力學（Thermochemistry）、自發反應（SpontaneityofReaction）、氣體的化學平衡（GaseousChemicalEquilibrium）、反應速率（RateofReaction）、液體和固體（Liquids

andSolids）、溶液（Solutions）、酸和堿（AcidsandBases）、酸堿平衡（EquilibriainAcid-BaseSolutions）、沉澱溶解平衡（PrecipitationEquilibrium）、電化學（Electrochemistry）、配位化合物（ComplexIons）以及核反應（NuclearReactions）。   在本書的改編過程中，在尊重原教材版權的基礎上，編者在遵循適合教材所涵蓋的知識體系的同時，盡可能體現原書的風格和特點，使內容更加精煉緊湊。 《FundamentalChemistry:PrinciplesandApplications》可

供國內基礎、臨床、口腔、麻醉、預防、護理、生物工程、藥學等醫學類相關專業基礎化學類課程的雙語教學和留學生教學使用，也可供其他專業基礎化學雙語教學的師生及科技工作者用作參考書。 1 Atoms 1 1-1 Atoms and the Atomic Theory 1 1-2 Components of the Atom 2 The Human Side: John Dalton 3 1-3 Quantitative Properties of the Atom 5 1-4 Introduction to the Periodic Table 11 Beyond The Clas

sroom: Mastering the Peri’god’ic Table 14 Summary Problems 16 Questions and Problems 16 2 Electronic Structure and the Periodic Table 19 2-1 Light, Photon Energies, and Atomic Spectra 20 2-2 The Hydrogen Atom 25 2-3 Quantum Numbers 28 2-4 Atomic Orbitals; Shapes and Sizes 32 2-5 Electron Configurat

ions in Atoms 33 The Human Side: Glenn Theodore Seaborg 37 2-6 Orbital Diagrams of Atoms 38 2-7 Electron Arrangements in Monatomic Ions 40 2-8 Periodic Trends in the Properties of Atoms 43 Beyond The Classroom: Why Do Lobsters Turn Red When Cooked 47 Summary Problems 49 Questions and Problems 49 3

Covalent Bonding 52 3-1 Lewis Structures; The Octet Rule 53 The Human Side: Gilbert Newton Lewis 62 3-2 Molecular Geometry 62 3-3 Polarity of Molecules 70 3-4 Atomic Orbitals; Hybridization 73 Beyond The Classroom: The Noble Gases 80 Summary Problems 81 Questions and Problems 81 4 Thermochemistry 8

5 4-1 Principles of Heat Flow 86 4-2 Measurement of Heat Flow; Calorimetry 90 4-3 Enthalpy 93 4-4 Thermochemical Equations 94 4-5 Enthalpies of Formation 100 4-6 Bond Enthalpy 105 4-7 The First Law of Thermodynamics 107 Beyond The Classroom: Energy Balance in the Human Body 111 Summary Problems 113

Questions and Problems 113 5 Spontaneity of Reaction 116 5-1 Spontaneous Processes 117 5-2 Entropy, S 119 5-3 Free Energy, G 123 The Human Side: J. Willard Gibbs 125 5-4 Standard Free Energy Change, ΔG 125 5-5 Effect of Temperature, Pressure, and Concentration on Reaction Spontaneity 129 5-6 The Fr

ee Energy Change and the Equilibrium Constant 134 5-7 Additivity of Free Energy Changes; Coupled Reactions 135 Beyond The Classroom: Rubber Elasticity: An Entropic Phenomenon 137 Summary Problems 139 Questions and Problems 139 6 Gaseous Chemical Equilibrium 144 6-1 The N2O4–NO2 Equilibrium System 1

45 6-2 The Equilibrium Constant Expression 148 6-3 Determination of K 153 6-4 Applications of the Equilibrium Constant 156 6-5 Effect of Changes in Conditions on an Equilibrium System 161 Beyond The Classroom: An Industrial Application of Gaseous Equilibrium 166 Summary Problems 168 Questions and Pr

oblems 169 7 Rate of Reaction 171 7-1 Meaning of Reaction Rate 171 7-2 Reaction Rate and Concentration 174 7-3 Reactant Concentration and Time 180 7-4 Models for Reaction Rate 186 The Human Side: Henry Eyring 189 7-5 Reaction Rate and Temperature 190 7-6 Catalysis 193 7-7 Reaction Mechanisms 195 Be

yond The Classroom: The Ozone Story 199 Summary Problems 201 Questions and Problems 202 8 Liquids and Solids 206 8-1 Comparing Solids, Liquids, and Gases 206 8-2 Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium 207 8-3 Phase Diagrams 213 8-4 Molecular Substances; Intermolecular Forces 216 Beyond The Classroom: Supercritic

al Carbon Dioxide 222 Summary Problems 224 Questions and Problems 224 9 Solutions 227 9-1 Concentration Units 227 9-2 Principles of Solubility 236 9-3 Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolytes 241 9-4 Colligative Properties of Electrolytes 250 Beyond The Classroom: Maple Syrup 252 Summary Problems

254 Questions and Problems 254 10 Acids and Bases 257 10-1 Br nsted-Lowry Acid-Base Model 257 10-2 The Ion Product of Water 259 10-3 pH and pOH 259 10-4 Weak Acids and Their Equilibrium Constants 265 10-5 Weak Bases and Their Equilibrium Constants 274 10-6 Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions 278

10-7 Extending the Concept of Acids and Bases: The Lewis Model 281 Beyond The Classroom: Organic Acids and Bases 282 Summary Problems 285 Questions and Problems 285 11 Equilibria in Acid-Base Solutions 288 11-1 Buffers 288 11-2 Acid-Base Indicators 299 11-3 Acid-Base Titrations 302 Beyond The Clas

sroom: Acid Rain 311 Summary Problems 313 Questions and Problems 313 12 Precipitation Equilibria 316 12-1 Solubility; Solubility Product Constant (Ksp) 316 12-2 Precipitate Formation 323 12-3 Dissolving Precipitates 327 Beyond The Classroom: Qualitative Analysis 331 Summary Problems 333 Questions a

nd Problems 334 13 Electrochemistry 337 13-1 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Revisited 338 13-2 Voltaic Cells 342 13-3 Standard Voltages 346 13-4 Relations Between E , DG , and K 353 13-5 Effect of Concentration on Voltage 355 Beyond The Classroom: Fuel Cells: The Next Step in Chemical-to-Electrical-

Energy Conversion 359 Summary Problems 361 Questions and Problems 362 14 Complex Ions 366 14-1 Composition of Complex Ions 367 14-2 Naming Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds 371 14-3 Geometry of Complex Ions 373 14-4 Electronic Structure of Complex Ions 377 The Human Side: Alfred Werner 377 14

-5 Complex Ion Equilibria; Formation Constant (Kf) 382 Beyond The Classroom: Chelates: Natural and Synthetic 384 Summary Problems 386 Questions and Problems 387 15 Nuclear Reactions 389 15-1 Nuclear Stability 389 15-2 Radioactivity 391 The Human Side: Marie and Pierre Curie with daughter Irene, at

their home near Paris 397 15-3 Rate of Radioactive Decay 397 15-4 Mass-Energy Relations 400 15-5 Nuclear Fission 404 15-6 Nuclear Fusion 407 Beyond The Classroom: Biological Effects of Radiation 409 Summary Problems 410 Questions and Problems 410 Appendices Appendix 1 Units, Constants and Referenc

e Data 413 Appendix 2 Properties of the Elements 419 Appendix 3 Exponents and Logarithms 421 Appendix 4 Molecular Orbitals 426 Appendix 5 Answers to All Questions and Problems 431 Conversion Factors 443 Table of Atomic Masses 444 IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements 445 《FundamentalChemis

try:PrinciplesandApplications》是為學習基礎化學類課程的本科教學而改編的英文教材。本書可供本科醫學類相關的基礎、臨床、口腔、麻醉、預防、護理、生物工程、藥學等專業使用。 化學工業出版社組織了國內多所高等院校中富有醫學類相關專業基礎化學課程教學經驗的教師，對大量相關的英文教材進行了廣泛閱讀和篩選，最後確定改編由WilliamL.Masterton和CecileN.Hurley合作編著的《Chemistry:PrinciplesandReactions》(8th)一書。 該教材的改編主要參考醫學類相關專業《基礎化學》教學大綱所規定的教學內容，選定整合成十五章，供基礎

化學類課程的雙語教學和留學生教學使用，也可供基礎化學雙語教學的師生及其他科技工作者用作參考書。 改編工作在尊重原教材版權的基礎上，保留了原教材中的大部分內容，也保留了章後的“ChemistryBeyondTheClassroom”“KeyConcepts”“KeyEquations”“KeyTerms”“SummaryProblems”等板塊，以及原教材完整的Appendix部分和對應的習題答案。調整了原教材部分章節順序和標題，並把部分內容合併到了關聯度更恰當的相應章節；刪減了原教材中有機化學及元素性質等內容；刪除了全書最後的Index部分和部分習題及對應的答案。 在本書的改編過程中，編者

在遵循適合教材所涵蓋的知識體系的同時，力求盡可能體現原書的風格和特點，使內容更加精煉緊湊。 該改編教材的不妥之處，敬請廣大讀者批評指正。 傅迎王興坡 2019年5月

自我效能對工作投入影響之研究 － 知覺組織支持為干擾變項

為了解決Gibbs free energy的問題，作者劉慧玫 這樣論述：

本研究旨在探討個體的正向自我效能對工作投入包含三項主要元件: 活力 (Vigor)、奉獻 (Dedication)、專注 (Absorption) 的影響。當自我效能融入於工作氛圍內，研究發現自我效能會影響員工工作投入，創造個體對工作的效率與在工作中表現自我要求；此外，本研究將探討知覺組織支持對自我效能與工作投入都有其震撼之效果。基於上述之研究動機，本研究冀望達到以下目的:一、探討員工的自我效能對工作投入 (活力、奉獻、專注) 之影響。二、探討員工的知覺組織支持對自我效能與工作投入之間關係干擾效果。調查方式運用Google表單製作電子問卷，以便利抽様和滾學球方式進行，量化統計分析知覺組織支持

為干擾探討自我效能對工作投入之影響。本研究總計回收467份問卷，扣除因填答者不合宜之無效問卷 (共43份) 後，有效問卷數共 424 份，有效回收率為84.8 %，將其資料透過SPSS 數據分析結果，提出研究主要發現和未來研究建議。