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Bryson’s Dictionary of Troublesome Words

為了解決consult名詞的問題，作者Bryson, Bill 這樣論述：

如果你──☆工作與生活上常用到英文☆想增強英文實力，希望把英文學得更漂亮、更精準☆喜歡英文，想了解單字背後的文化內涵這本書是您案頭絕不可少的實用良伴！比爾‧布萊森從使用者的角度，提醒大家常拼錯、常誤用的字，解釋標點符號的正確用法，及某些專有名詞的典故，甚至列出知名報章雜誌也用錯的文法！當然，還不忘偶爾展現獨一無二的幽默！ ★本書中譯本由天下文化出版。 作者簡介比爾‧布萊森(Bill Bryson)1951年出生在美國愛荷華州首府第蒙市（Des Moines），年輕歲月也在該地度過，成年後多半時間住在英國。曾任職於《波茅斯夜報》（Bournemouth Evening Echo）、《金融週報》（

Financial Weekly）與《泰晤士報》，並為《獨立報》創刊記者之一。著作包括《布萊森之英語簡史》（Mother Tongue）、《布萊森之英文超正典》（Byrson's Dictionary of Troublesome Words），以及《一腳踩進小美國》、《歐洲在發酵》、《哈！小不列顛》、《別跟山過不去》、《請問這裡是美國嗎？》、《澳洲烤焦了》等旅遊作品，和科普作品《萬物簡史》。目前和妻子及四個小孩住在英國諾福克（Norfolk）。 One of the English language's most skilled and beloved writers guides us a

ll toward precise, mistake-free grammar. As usual Bill Bryson says it best: "English is a dazzlingly idiosyncratic tongue, full of quirks and irregularities that often seem willfully at odds with logic and common sense. This is a language where 'cleave' can mean to cut in half or to hold two halv

es together; where the simple word 'set' has 126 different meanings as a verb, 58 as a noun, and 10 as a participial adjective; where if you can run fast you are moving swiftly, but if you are stuck fast you are not moving at all; and] where 'colonel, ' 'freight, ' 'once, ' and 'ache' are strikingly

at odds with their spellings." As a copy editor for the London Times in the early 1980s, Bill Bryson felt keenly the lack of an easy-to-consult, authoritative guide to avoiding the traps and snares in English, and so he brashly suggested to a publisher that he should write one. Surprisingly, the pr

oposition was accepted, and for "a sum of money carefully gauged not to cause embarrassment or feelings of overworth," he proceeded to write that book--his first, inaugurating his stellar career. Now, a decade and a half later, revised, updated, and thoroughly (but not overly) Americanized, it has

become Bryson's Dictionary of Troublesome Words, more than ever an essential guide to the wonderfully disordered thing that is the English language. With some one thousand entries, from "a, an" to "zoom," that feature real-world examples of questionable usage from an international array of publicat

ions, and with a helpful glossary and guide to pronunciation, this precise, prescriptive, and--because it is written by Bill Bryson--often witty book belongs on the desk of every person who cares enough about the language not to maul or misuse or distort it. Bill Bryson’s bestselling books includ

e A Walk in the Woods, The Life and Times of the Thunderbolt Kid, and A Short History of Nearly Everything (which won the Aventis Prize in Britain and the Descartes Prize, the European Union’s highest literary award). He was chancellor of Durham University, England’s third oldest university, from 20

05 to 2011, and is an honorary fellow of Britain’s Royal Society. Aa, an. Errors involving the indefinite articles a and an are almost certainly more often a consequence of haste and carelessness than of ignorance. They are especially common when numbers are involved, as here: ”Cox will contribute

10 percent of the equity needed to build a ＄80 million cable system” (Washington Post). Make it an. Occasionally the writer and editor together fail to note how an abbreviation is pronounced: ”He was assisted initially by two officers from the sheriff’s department and a FBI agent drafted in from the

bureau’s Cleveland office” (Chicago Tribune). When the first letter of an abbreviation is pronounced as a vowel, as in FBI, the preceding article should be an, not a.abbreviations, contractions, acronyms. Abbreviation is the general term used to describe any shortened word. Contractions and acronym

s are types of abbreviation. A contraction is a word that has been squeezed in the middle, so to speak, but has retained one or more of its opening and closing letters, as with Mr. for Mister and can’t for cannot. An acronym is a word formed from the initial letter or letters of a group of words, as

with radar for radio detecting and ranging, and NATO for North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Abbreviations that are not pronounced as words (IBM, ABC, NFL) are not acronyms; they are just abbreviations.Whether to write NATO or Nato is normally a matter of preference or house style. American publica

tions tend to capitalize all the letters of abbreviations, even when they are pronounced as words. In Britain, generally the convention is to capitalize only the initial letter when the abbreviation is pronounced as a word and is reasonably well known. Thus most British publications would write Aids

and Nato (but probably not Seato). For abbreviations of all types, try to avoid an appearance of clutter and intrusiveness. Rather than make repeated reference to ”the IGLCO” or ”NOOSCAM,” it is nearly always better to refer to the abbreviated party as ”the committee,” ”the institute,” or whatever

other word is appropriate.Finally, for the benefit of travelers who may have wondered why the British so often dispense with periods on the ends of abbreviations (writing Mr, Dr, and St where Americans would write Mr., Dr., and St.), it’s helpful to know that the convention in Britain is to include

a period when the abbreviation stops in the midst of a word (as with Capt. and Prof., for instance) but to leave off the period when the last letter of the abbreviation is the last letter of the full word--that is, when it is a contraction.accessible. Not -able.accommodate. One of the most misspelle

d of all words. Note -mm-.accompanist. Not -iest.acidulous, assiduous. Acidulous means tart or acid. Assiduous means diligent.acolyte. Not -ite.acoustics. As a science, the word is singular (”Acoustics was his line of work”). As a collection of properties, it is plural (”The acoustics in the auditor

ium were not good”).acronyms. See abbreviations, contractions, acronyms.activity. Often a sign of prolixity, as here: ”The warnings followed a week of earthquake activity throughout the region” (Independent). Just make it ”a week of earthquakes.”acute, chronic. These two are sometimes confused, whic

h is a little odd, as their meanings are sharply opposed. Chronic pertains to lingering conditions, ones that are not easily overcome. Acute refers to those that come to a sudden crisis and require immediate attention. People in the Third World may suffer from a chronic shortage of food. In a bad ye

ar, their plight may become acute.a.d. anno Domini (Lat.), ”in the year of the Lord.” a.d. should be written before the year (a.d. 25) but after the century (fourth century a.d.) and is usually set in small caps. See also anno domini and b.c.adage. Even the most careful users of English frequently,

but unnecessarily, refer to an ”old adage.” An adage is by definition old.adapter, adaptor. The first is one who adapts (as in a book for theatrical presentation); the second is the device for making appliances work abroad and so on.adjective pileup. Many journalists, in an otherwise commendable att

empt to pack as much information as possible into a confined space, often resort to the practice of piling adjectives in front of the subject, as in this London Times headline: ”Police rape claim woman in court.” Apart from questions of inelegance, such headlines can be confusing, to say the least.

A hurried reader, expecting a normal subject-verb-object construction, could at first conclude that the police have raped a claim-woman in court before the implausibility of that notion makes him go back and read the headline again. Readers should never be required to retrace their steps, however sh

ort the journey. Although the practice is most common in headlines, it sometimes crops up in text, as here: ”The new carburetor could result in an up to 35 percent improvement in gas mileage” (Des Moines Register). The ungainliness here could instantly be eliminated by making it ”an improvement in m

ileage of up to 35 percent.”administer. Not administrate.admit to is nearly always wrong, as in these examples: ”The Rev. Jesse Jackson had just admitted to fathering a child with an adoring staffer” (Baltimore Sun); ”Pretoria admits to raid against Angola” (Guardian headline); ”Botha admits to erro

rs on Machel cash” (Independent headline). Delete to in each case. You admit a misdeed, you do not admit to it.advance planning is common but always redundant. All planning must be done in advance.adverse, averse. Occasionally confused. Averse means reluctant or disinclined (think of aversion). Adve

rse means hostile and antagonistic (think of adversary).

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衰弱、尊嚴、韌力與生活品質於心臟疾病患者之探討 - 質量性研究

為了解決consult名詞的問題，作者徐清樺 這樣論述：

目的：探討心臟疾病患者衰弱、尊嚴、韌力與生活品質之相關性，以及心臟疾病患者的罹病過程經歷與生活經驗。方法：本研究為質量混合型研究設計。量性部分採方便取樣於北部某區域醫院心臟內科門診與病房進行樣本收集共101位病人，使用結構式問卷包括：基本屬性、疾病特徵、中文版介護風險評估篩檢量表(Kihon Checklist - Chinese)、中文版病人尊嚴量表(Patient Dignity Inventory - Mandarin version)、心理韌性量表中文版(Chinese version of Resilience Scale)、及歐洲生活品質五面項量表(EuroQol 5-dimen

sion questionnaire)為研究工具，資料收集後透過SPSS 20.0版電腦套裝統計軟體進行頻次、百分比、平均數、標準差、最大/最小值、獨立樣本t檢定、單因子變異數分析、卡方檢定、皮爾森積差相關及階層迴歸進行統計分析，另使用SAS 9.4版電腦套裝統計軟體以潛在類別模式對低生活品質之樣本進行潛在類別分析。質性部分採立意取樣自問卷調查中的101位受訪者選取訊息豐富且可清楚描述之個案共10位進行訪談，以胡賽爾的現象學觀點藉由半結構式訪談大綱引導進行訪談，訪談文本使用內容分析法進行分析。結果：本研究結果顯示心臟疾病患者的生活品質會受到年齡、教育程度、職業狀態、經濟來源、主要照顧者，以及疾

病種類的影響，且衰弱、尊嚴、韌力都是生活品質的預測因子。無配偶、有菸酒習慣、經濟來源、合併有慢性腎病變或周邊動脈硬化等基本屬性與疾病屬性是低生活品質的潛在類別。心臟疾病患者的罹病過程歷程包含衝擊、調適、及重生三個主題，從對生命失去期待，到感受與接受外界環境支持以調整面對疾病的態度，到思想昇華及生命重啟等階段。結論：本研究可瞭解心臟疾病患者衰弱、尊嚴、韌力與生活品質之相關性，生活品質之預測因子，及罹病過程經歷與生活經驗。研究結果可提醒臨床照護人員對患者尊嚴、韌力之觀察，辨識低生活品質之潛在患者，並適時介入輔導，以維護患者的生活品質。