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利用醯胺醇類協同作用及組合外排泵抑制劑有效對抗豬胸膜肺炎放線桿菌與敗血性巴氏桿菌

為了解決SINGER 6233的問題，作者汪玉祉 這樣論述：

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) not only continues to pose a threat to therapy of infectious disease but also presents a major challenge for global health concerns. To make the matter worse, new antibiotics are not being discovered at a fast enough rate to counter the development of bacterial resist

ance. In veterinary medicine, amphenicols have been extensively used as the drug of choice to treat bacteria associated with porcine respiratory disease complex, namely, Actinobacillus pleruopeumoniae and Pasteurella multocida, thereby leading to varying levels of amphenicol resistance. To re-empowe

r existing antibiotics, using a combination of two commercially available antibiotics in the same class; FF and TAP, or a combination of amphenicols with efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) as adjuvant therapy were investigated against porcine A. pleruopeumoniae and P. multocida in the current study. In

the first study, the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of FF+TAP combination were evaluated. The in vitro results from the checkerboard assay and reconfirmation with time kill study in the representative isolates illustrated that the synergistic FF-TAP combination was a potential therapeutic option for

treatment of A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida infection. In vivo experiments in pigs demonstrated that FF and TAP combination at a ratio correlating to their MIC deductions was equally effective to their original recommended dosage. In the second study, the effects of five EPIs including Carbon

yl Cyanide Chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), omeprazole, Phenylalanine-arginine β-naphthylamide (PAβN), reserpine and verapamil, on their ability to enhance the in vitro antimicrobial activity of FF were preliminarily evaluated. The results indicated that CCCP demonstrated promising improvement of FF ac

tivity while PAβN showed some effect but at high concentrations. Both broth microdilution and time kill assay complementarily confirmed the effect of CCCP on the antimicrobial activity of FF. In addition, the beneficial effect between FF and CCCP was initially identified as through the antagonizatio

n of the FloR pump conferred by the floR gene. In the third study, the effect of CCCP on the in vitro FF and TAP antimicrobial activity by a larger number of isolates, the presence of the efflux pump gene, and the intra-bacterial concentration of FF were further investigated. The CCCP, at relatively

low concentrations, could prominently improve FF and TAP antimicrobial activity in a dose-dependent manner, as well as increasing the intracellular concentration of FF, possibly by inhibition of the FloR efflux pump. Collectively, these findings underline the importance of FloR efflux pump in the d

evelopment of amphenicol resistance in A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida. Taken together, our studies may provide potential therapeutic options using amphenicols synergism and amphenicols in combination with EPIs against amphenicol-resistant A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida.

小型服務業數位轉型：驅動因素、障礙和政府的角色

為了解決SINGER 6233的問題，作者潘亨利 這樣論述：

數位濟時代，小型服務業難以在瞬息萬變、充滿活力的市場中競爭。因此，透過數位轉型，小型服務業尋求增加競爭優勢，以提高業務績效，實現業務增長。由於資源和能力有限，小型服務業必須應對若干障礙和挑戰。本研究旨在發現推動小型服務業數位轉型的驅動因素、障礙和政府角色。本研究採用質性研究方法，對小型服務業的高層管理人員進行半結構化的深度訪談，本研究選取了台灣不同服務行業的十個小服務企業案例，然後，本研究採用演繹分析法，採用三步流程檢查訪談數據，並構建模型和框架。本研究探討小型服務業數位轉型的六個主要障礙：日益激烈的商業競爭、新/海外市場的機會、客戶、合作需求、人力資本問題和創新需求，此外，本研究發現了支持

小型服務業數位轉型的七個障礙和七個政府角色。此外，根據本研究的發現，提出了小型服務業數位轉型的驅動因素、應用程序、障礙和政府支持模型。最後，本研究提出有助於小型服務業數位轉型領域的概念框架和管理意義，研究結果為業者提供了一些建議，並建議政府可以改變當前的政策和計劃，以支持小型服務業的數位轉型