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The Battle of the Somme 1916: Developing the Offensive – July to Mid September

為了解決La time的問題，作者Cave, Nigel/ Sheldon, Jack 這樣論述：

After the initial anticipation of great results for the Allied offensive that opened on 1 July, the French and the British had to consider their next moves. Haig made the fateful decision to reinforce perceived success at the center and south of the British line (although Joffre, rightly, wished

to continue the pressure at Thiepval). The result was a series of minor (if expensive) operations to provide a suitable base line for the next major British assault along the Bazentin Ridge, running approximately from east of Longueval to west of Bazentin le Petit Wood. Thus Ovillers, Mametz Wood an

d Tr nes Wood became prominent in Britain's military history. The French soon began to appreciate that the great success south of the river on 1 July was not going to achieve much more unless the front was extended southwards (impractical, given pressure at Verdun and limited manpower resources); or

if advances could be made north of the river that would outflank the Germans to the south. Meanwhile Falkenhayn continued to believe in the imminence of British offensive action further north, in French Flanders, despite the fact that he was reassured time and again that there was no evidence for t

his and that in any case such an eventuality could be contained with reduced resources. Eventually the offensive in Verdun was halted, in late August Falkenhayn was removed after he had presided over increasing friction at the highest level on the Somme front amongst senior commanders; Ludendorff an

d Hindenburg took over and the genius of German defensive measures, Lo berg, arrived on the scene. This book covers actions at Ovillers, Pozi res (notably involving the Australians) Mametz, Delville Wood (South Africa's first great war time action in Europe), the bitter fighting at High Wood, all le

ading up to the great attack on the Somme on 15 September. This was the third such major effort by the British army and the first time since 1 July that the Allies had attacked simultaneously in strength. The book then looks at aspects of the fighting associated with this attack, in particular the r

ole of the New Zealand Division and of the Guards Division around Les Boeufs. It then concentrates on the Anglo French boundary area (Guillemont and Combles) before considering French activity at Maurepas, Cl ry, Biaches and La Maisonette and the extension of the French front on 3 September, with fi

ghting at Soy court, Lihons and Vermandovillers. The book ends with a review of the situation both sides found themselves in mid September, before the action continued its relentless grind at extraordinary cost in men and materiel.

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An Integrated Approach For Uncovering Novel DNA Methylation Biomarkers For Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma

為了解決La time的問題，作者VAIBHAV KUMAR SUNKARIA 這樣論述：

Introduction - Lung cancer is one of primal and ubiquitous cause of cancer related fatalities in the world. Leading cause of these fatalities is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a proportion of 85%. The major subtypes of NSCLC are Lung Adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and Lung Small Cell Carcinoma (LUS

C). Early-stage surgical detection and removal of tumor offers a favorable prognosis and better survival rates. However, a major portion of 75% subjects have stage III/IV at the time of diagnosis and despite advanced major developments in oncology survival rates remain poor. Carcinogens produce wide

spread DNA methylation changes within cells. These changes are characterized by globally hyper or hypo methylated regions around CpG islands, many of these changes occur early in tumorigenesis and are highly prevalent across a tumor type.Structure - This research work took advantage of publicly avai

lable methylation profiling resources and relevant comorbidities for lung cancer patients extracted from meta-analysis of scientific review and journal available at PubMed and CNKI search which were combined systematically to explore effective DNA methylation markers for NSCLC. We also tried to iden

tify common CpG loci between Caucasian, Black and Asian racial groups for identifying ubiquitous candidate genes thoroughly. Statistical analysis and GO ontology were also conducted to explore associated novel biomarkers. These novel findings could facilitate design of accurate diagnostic panel for

practical clinical relevance.Methodology - DNA methylation profiles were extracted from TCGA for 418 LUAD and 370 LUSC tissue samples from patients compared with 32 and 42 non-malignant ones respectively. Standard pipeline was conducted to discover significant differentially methylated sites as prim

ary biomarkers. Secondary biomarkers were extracted by incorporating genes associated with comorbidities from meta-analysis of research articles. Concordant candidates were utilized for NSCLC relevant biomarker candidates. Gene ontology annotations were used to calculate gene-pair distance matrix fo

r all candidate biomarkers. Clustering algorithms were utilized to categorize candidate genes into different functional groups using the gene distance matrix. There were 35 CpG loci identified by comparing TCGA training cohort with GEO testing cohort from these functional groups, and 4 gene-based pa

nel was devised after finding highly discriminatory diagnostic panel through combinatorial validation of each functional cluster.Results – To evaluate the gene panel for NSCLC, the methylation levels of SCT(Secritin), FOXD3(Forkhead Box D3), TRIM58(Tripartite Motif Containing 58) and TAC1(Tachikinin

1) were tested. Individually each gene showed significant methylation difference between LUAD and LUSC training cohort. Combined 4-gene panel AUC, sensitivity/specificity were evaluated with 0.9596, 90.43%/100% in LUAD; 0.949, 86.95%/98.21% in LUSC TCGA training cohort; 0.94, 85.92%/97.37 in GEO 66

836; 0.91,89.17%/100% in GEO 83842 smokers; 0.948, 91.67%/100% in GEO83842 non-smokers independent testing cohort. Our study validates SCT, FOXD3, TRIM58 and TAC1 based gene panel has great potential in early recognition of NSCLC undetermined lung nodules. The findings can yield universally accurate

and robust markers facilitating early diagnosis and rapid severity examination.

Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, Cardiac Surgery and Intensive Care

為了解決La time的問題，作者 這樣論述：

Eduardo M. da Cruz is the Associate Medical Director of the Heart Institute, Head of the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Program and Director of the Cardiac Intensive Care Section and Inpatient Services at Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine. He has had an

international life career in Portugal, Costa Rica, France, United Kingdom, Switzerland and the United States of America. He trained in Medicine and then in Pediatrics at the Universidad de Costa Rica and the Hospital Nacional de Niños in San José, Costa Rica, and then pursued a fellowship in pediat

ric cardiology and intensive care in Paris, France (Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université René Descartes-Paris V- La Sorbonne). After completing his training, Eduardo stayed in Europe as an attending physician until 2007, when he joined the cardiovascular team at Children’s Hospital Colorado in

Denver, USA, where he currently holds the title of Tenured Professor of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology & Intensive Care. He has close to 30 years of experience in the medical and perioperative management of neonates, children and young adults with complex congenital or acquired heart disease, inc

luding heart transplant, mechanical assistance and quality improvement, safety, clinical effectiveness, stewardship, and crew resource management. He is actively involved in clinical and translational research and teaching in the fields of pediatric cardiology and cardiac intensive care, has deliver

ed close to 300 international lectures, and is a reviewer for 28 peer-reviewed journals, and the Editor or Co-Editor of eight CICU textbooks, including the reference entitled Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, Cardiac Surgery and Intensive Care (Springer-Verlag UK), a major textbook and e-book/e-r

eference with 6 volumes and close to 4000 pages (Editor-in-Chief) and the first Textbook dedicated to the Intensive Care of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease (Editor-in-Chief). He has published 80 book chapters and more than 100 manuscripts in peer-reviewed journals. He is the Emeritus Founder of

the Working Group on Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care of the Association for the European Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), Past-Chair and founder of the Section on Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Intensive Care & Mechanical Circulatory Support of the European Society of Pediatric and Ne

onatal Intensive Care (ESPNIC), a former Board Member of the Congenital Domain of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), member of the Society of Pediatric Research (SPR), the European Society of cardiology (ESC) and of multiple other international Societies. Eduardo da Cruz i

s also an Expert Reviewer for the European Commission Horizon 2020 Project, and the President and Chair of the Board of Surgeons of Hope Foundation, a United Nations-affiliated Non-Governmental Organization based in New York, USA. In 2019, he was the recipient of the American College of Cardiology D

istinguished Service Award.Dr. Dunbar Ivy began his medical career at Tulane University School of Medicine following his premedical studies at Davidson College. While at Tulane, he became excited about a career in Pediatric Cardiology under the mentorship of Dr Arthur Pickoff. He then obtained train

ing in General Pediatrics at the University of Colorado School of Medicine in Denver, Colorado. Early mentors in Pediatric Cardiology included Drs. Michael Schaffer and Henry Sondheimer. Interest in altitude related illness and pulmonary hypertension in congenital heart disease were fostered by Dr R

obert Wolfe on the clinical side and Drs Steve Abman and John Kinsella in the fetal sheep laboratory while a fellow in Pediatric Cardiology at the University of Colorado. Following fellowship, he became a research instructor under the guidance of Dr Mark Boucek, who encouraged him to pursue a career

as a clinician scientist. During his time as a Bugher fellow, he obtained early grants from the March of Dimes and American Heart Association regarding the role of endothelin in the perinatal pulmonary circulation. This work transitioned into a National Institutes of Health K-08 award to continue t

o study molecular derangements in the endothelin pathway in models of pulmonary hypertension. In 2003 Dr Ivy took the position of Chief of Pediatric Cardiology and Selby’s Chair of Pediatric Cardiology. His research focus became more clinical and translational. As Director of the Pediatric Pulmonary

Hypertension Program, he began early clinical studies of medical therapy in children, including the use of intravenous epoprostenol, subcutaneous treprostinil, and oral bosentan. He began to work with Dr Robin Shandas regarding measurement of right ventricular afterload in children with pulmonary h

ypertension in an NIH sponsored Specialized Centers of Clinically Oriented Research grant headed by Dr Kurt Stenmark. Further work on ventricular vascular coupling has continued with NIH funding. Dr Ivy was the inaugural Chairman of the first Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension taskforce at the World S

ymposium of Pulmonary Hypertension in Nice, France in 2013. Dr. Ivy is a member of multiple societies, and has published over 250 peer reviewed manuscripts.Dr. James Jaggers was born and raised in Western Nebraska. He completed medical school at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha Neb

raska. He then completed General Surgery at the Oregon Health Sciences University in Portland Oregon and Thoracic Surgery training at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center in Denver, where he also completed a Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Fellowship at The Childrens Hospital In Denver. From

there, his first Faculty position was as assistant professor of Surgery at Duke University Medical Center where he rose to the rank of Associate Professor with tenure and Chief of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery and Director of the Duke Pediatric Heart Institute. During his time as chief of Pediatric Card

iac Surgery at Duke, Dr. Jaggers directed the pediatric cardiovascular surgery laboratory and mentored many research fellows. He was principal and co-principal investigator on two basic Science NIH grants and one Pediatric Heart Network NHLBI sponsored multicenter study. In 2010, Dr. Jaggers moved t

o the University of Colorado and Children’s Hospital Colorado where he is now the Barton Elliman Chair of Congenital Cardiac Surgery and Professor of Surgery. Dr. Jaggers’s Clinical focus is in all areas of Congenital Cardiac Surgery including complex neonatal repairs, single ventricle surgery, hear

t transplantation and surgery for connective tissue disorders. He has special interest in quality, safety and effective care for children. He is also the program director for the University of Colorado’s Congenital cardiac surgery training program. His research interests include Stem cell delivery t

o improve heart function in children with complex congenital heart disease, and laboratory research in investigation into the protein signaling of aortic stenosis and uncompensated cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial dysfunction. Dr. Jaggers is a member of multiple Societies, and has published over 1

40 peer reviewed manuscripts, published 30 book chapters and is a reputed national and international educator and lecturer.

運動訓練與停止訓練對中老年人骨骼肌氧合能力與身體功能表現之影響

為了解決La time的問題，作者杨永 這樣論述：

運動是一種改善中老年人骨骼肌氧合能力、提高肌肉力量並最終影響整體身體功能表現的有效方式。然而，較少的研究評估不同運動類型之間訓練效益的差異。此外，由於中老年人生病、外出旅行與照顧兒童等原因，迫使運動鍛煉的中斷。如何合理安排運動訓練的週期、強度與停訓週期，以促使中老年人在未來再訓練快速恢復以往訓練效益，目前亦尚不清楚。本文以三個研究建構而成。研究I：不同運動訓練模式對中老年人的骨骼肌氧合能力、肌力與身體功能表現的影響。以此探討50歲及以上中老年人進行每週2次為期8週的爆發力、阻力訓練以及心肺訓練在改善中老年人肌肉組織氧合能力、與肌肉力量身體功能效益的差異。我們的研究結果表明：爆發力組在改善下肢

肌力、最大爆發力與肌肉品質方面表現出較佳的效果。心肺組提高了30s坐站測試成績並減少了肌肉耗氧量，從而改善了中老年人在30s坐站測試期間的運動經濟性。年紀較高的肌力組則對於改善平衡能力更加有效。此外，三組運動形式均有效改善了中老年人人敏捷性。研究 Ⅱ：停止訓練對運動訓練後中老年人肌力與身體功能表現的影響：系統性回顧與meta分析。本研究欲探討停止訓練對運動訓練後中老年人肌力與身體功能表現訓練效益維持的影響。我們的研究結果表明：訓練期大於停止運動訓練期是肌力維持的重要因素。若訓練期