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The Science and Practice of Resilience

為了解決In this case synonym的問題，作者Linkov, Igor/ Trump, Benjamin D. 這樣論述：

This book offers a comprehensive view on resilience based upon state-of-the-science theories and methodological applications that resilience may fill. Specifically, this text provides a compendium of knowledge on the theory, methods, and practice of resilience across a variety of country and case co

ntexts, and demonstrates how a resilience-based approach can help further improved infrastructure, vibrant societies, and sustainable environments and ecologies, among many others.Resilience is a term with thousands of years of history. Only recently has resilience been applied to the management of

complex interconnected systems, yet its impact as a governing philosophy and an engineering practice has been pronounced. Colloquially, resilience has been used as a synonym for 'bouncing back'. Philosophically and methodologically, however, it is much more. In a world defined by interconnected and

interdependent systems such as water, food, energy, transportation, and the internet, a sudden and unexpected disruption to one critical system can lead to significant challenges for many others. The Science and Practice of Resilience is beneficial for those seeking to gain a rich knowledge of the r

esilience world, as well as for practitioners looking for methods and tools by which resilience may be applied in real-world contexts. Dr. Igor Linkov is the Risk and Decision Science Focus Area Lead with the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, and Adjunct Professor with Carnegie Mel

lon University. Dr. Linkov has managed multiple risk and resilience assessments and management projects in many application domains, including cybersecurity, transportation, supply chain, homeland security and defense, and critical infrastructure. He was part of several Interagency Committees and Wo

rking Groups tasked with developing resilience metrics and resilience management approaches, including the US Army Corps of Engineers Resilience Roadmap. Dr. Linkov has organized more than thirty national and international conferences and continuing education workshops, including NATO workshops on C

yber Resilience in Estonia (2018) and Finland (2019), as well as Chaired Program Committee for 2015 and 2019 World Congresses on Risk in Singapore and Cape Town. He has published widely on environmental policy, environmental modeling, and risk analysis, including twenty books and over 350 peer-revie

wed papers and book chapters in top journals, like Nature, Nature Nanotechnology, Nature Climate Change, among others. He has served on many review and advisory panels for DOD, DHS, FDA, EPA, NSF, EU and other US and international agencies. Dr. Linkov is Society for Risk Analysis Fellow and recipien

t of 2005 Chauncey Starr Award for exceptional contribution to Risk Analysis as well as 2014 Outstanding Practitioner Award. He is Elected Fellow with the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Dr. Linkov has a B.S. and M.Sc. in Physics and Mathematics (Polytechnic Institute) an

d a Ph.D. in Environmental, Occupational and Radiation Health (University of Pittsburgh). He completed his postdoctoral training in Risk Assessment at Harvard University. Dr. Benjamin D. Trump is an ORISE Postdoctoral Fellow for the US Army Corps of Engineers and a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at th

e University of Lisbon, Portugal. He has also held a postdoctoral appointment at the University of Maryland, and as a research intern at the Institute of Occupational Medicine in Singapore. Dr. Trump’s work focuses on decision making and governance of activities under significant uncertainty, such a

s emerging and enabling technologies (synthetic biology, nanotechnology) and developing organizational, infrastructural, social, and informational resilience against systemic threats to complex interconnected systems. Dr. Trump served as a delegate to assist US presence in OECD’s Global Science Foru

m in 2017, and is the President of the Society for Risk Analysis’ Decision Analysis and Risk Specialty Group in 2018-2019. His work has been featured in over 50 peer-reviewed publications, journal articles, and book chapters, including publications in Nature, Nature Nanotechnology, EMBO Reports, Env

ironmental Science & Technology, Health Policy, and Regulation and Governance, among others. Dr. Trump was also an author of the International Risk Governance Council’s Guidelines for the Governance of Systemic Risks, as well as their 2nd Volume of the Resource Guide on Resilience. Dr. Trump is als

o frequently active with several Advanced Research Workshops for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s Science for Peace Programme, including his role as a Director of a workshop titled Cybersecurity and Resilience for the Arctic. Dr. Trump received his PhD from the University of Michigan’s Schoo

l of Public Health, Department of Health Management and Policy in 2016. He received a M.S. (2012) in Public Policy and Management and a B.S. in Political Science (2011) from Carnegie Mellon University.

The Thinker’s Thesaurus: Sophisticated Alternatives to Common Words

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為了解決In this case synonym的問題，作者Meltzer, Peter E. 這樣論述：

This entertaining and informative reference features sophisticated and surprising alternatives to common words together with no-fail guides to usage. Avoiding traditional thesauruses' mundane synonym choices, Peter E. Meltzer puts each word--whether it's protrepic, apostrophize, iracund, or emulous-

-in context by using examples from a broad range of contemporary books, periodicals, and newspapers. His new introduction makes the case for why we should widen our vocabulary and use the one right word. This groundbreaking thesaurus remains a unique venture, one that enriches your writing while hel

ping you find the perfect word.

語言、大腦與時間的相遇：漢語的觀點

為了解決In this case synonym的問題，作者理克 這樣論述：

時間被視為人類認知中至關重要的概念，時間標記則因語言而異。不過，大腦處理時間標記仍然不清楚。現今絕大多數的相關研究皆是針對印歐語系語言中的「時態」(tense)標記。本論文將要探討漢語中的「了」及「過」兩個「時貌」(grammatical aspect)標記和過去時間的關係，以及大腦如何處理「了」及「過」之時間標記。首先，本論文針對漢語中存在已久的「了」及「過」是否具有「時態」成分之辯論提供反證，並且主張「了」及「過」被用於表示過去時間是因為其時貌特徵。本論文將兩者時貌特徵與表示過去時間的關係分析成對應到不同語法的意義、功能：「了」對應到「時間先後關係」的認知功能，而「過」對應到「時間定位」

的認知功能。接著，本論文透過三個採用事件相關電位(event-related potential，稱ERP)技術的實驗測試/探討以上的分析。相關結果顯現了兩種質變上不同的效果進而支持上述分析：「了」在時間標記上的大腦處理誘發前腦及早期之負極性波幅(early frontal negativity)，而「過」則是誘發晚期之正極性波幅(P600)，此外，「了」及「過」在時間標記上的大腦處理方式與「了」及「過」在時貌上(非時間上)不同。最後，為使以上兩種大腦處理方式有廣義的且跨語言的功能解釋，本論文將漢語的時貌標記在時間上的大腦處理與印歐語系的時態標記在時間上的大腦處理方式做相互對比：前腦及早期之負

極性波幅(early frontal negativity)被視為反映「時間先後關係」的認知功能，晚期之正極性波幅(P600) 被視為反映「時間定位」的認知功能。總而言之，本論文採用以上分析及證據提供大腦如何處理時間標記之類型神經語言學模式。