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Alternative Architectures for Systemic Functional Linguistics and Other Theories of Language

為了解決Brief summary的問題，作者Fawcett, Robin P. 這樣論述：

The central concept in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is that of choice between meanings - these being realized in structures. The important question that forms the starting point for this book addresses is: How do we, as users of language, choose between the features in the system network

s? As the book shows, an adequate answer to this question presupposes an adequate overall model - or architecture - of language and its use. And, since all functional theories of language face the same challenge of modelling how we produce and understand sentences and the longer stretches of discour

se in which they occur, this book should interest all functionally-oriented linguists. As its title implies, this book surveys the various architectures that have been proposed in SFL both for the lexicogrammar itself and for the overall architecture within which this is set (with a brief look at th

e architectures of other functional models). It then proposes criteria for evaluating alternative overall architectures; and it identifies the type most likely to prove adequate in the long run. Such an architecture must have these two attributes: (i) it must be genuinely comprehensive, and so provi

de for both the socio-cultural and the cognitive-interactive aspects of language, and (ii) it must work - i.e. it must be usable not only to describe texts - which is the essential first stage in developing such a model - but it must also be capable of being expressed sufficiently explicitly to be m

odelled in a computer. A major chapter then describes the preferred model - which is also the most comprehensive - component by component (at its current stage of development). Another provides a detailed picture of selected portions of an example of the key enabling innovation, i.e. the microplanne

r that determines what elements in the message will be selected as various types of Theme. Then a third major chapter provides a walk through that illustrates the whole architecture at work (the context being an anxious moment in the life of a fictitious industrial spy). While many of the components

described have been implemented in computer models of an earlier version of the proposed architecture, there is a strong emphasis on the need to integrate with this - which took an essentially a cognitive-interactive approach - the insights that emerge from the socio-cultural wing of work in SFL -

work that has so far proved less amenable to incorporation in computer models of language in use. The book concludes with a summary evaluation of existing proposals for alternative architectures in SFL, and by suggesting the further work that is needed to create and complete a new, genuinely compreh

ensive architecture.

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異質元素摻雜還原氧化石墨烯電極於儲能裝置之應用研究

為了解決Brief summary的問題，作者古安銘 這樣論述：

儲能技術超級電容器的出現為儲能行業的發展提供了巨大的潛力和顯著的優勢。碳基材料，尤其是石墨烯，由於具有蜂窩狀晶格，在儲能應用中備受關注，因其非凡的導電導熱性、彈性、透明性和高比表面積而備受關注，使其成為最重要的儲能材料之一。石墨烯基超級電容器的高能量密度和優異的電/電化學性能的製造是開發大功率能源最緊迫的挑戰之一。在此，我們描述了生產石墨烯基儲能材料的兩種方法，並研究了所製備材料作為超級電容器裝置的電極材料的儲能性能。第一，我們開發了一種新穎、經濟且直接的方法來合成柔性和導電的 還原氧化石墨烯和還原氧化石墨烯/多壁奈米碳管複合薄膜。通過三電極系統，在一些強鹼水性電解質，如 氫氧化鉀、清氧化鋰

和氫氧化鈉中，研究加入多壁奈米碳管對還原氧化石墨烯/多壁奈米碳管複合薄膜電化學性能的影響。通過循環伏安法 (CV)、恆電流充放電 (GCD) 和電化學阻抗譜 (EIS) 探測薄膜的超級電容器行為。通過 X 射線衍射儀 (XRD)、拉曼光譜儀、表面積分析儀 (BET)、熱重分析 (TGA)、場發射掃描電子顯微鏡 (FESEM) 和穿透電子顯微鏡 (TEM) 對薄膜的結構和形態進行研究. 用 10 wt% 多壁奈米碳管(GP10C) 合成的還原氧化石墨烯/多壁奈米碳管薄膜表現出 200 Fg-1 的高比電容，15000 次循環測試後保持92%的比電容，小弛豫時間常數（~194 ms）和在2M氫氧化

鉀電解液中的高擴散係數 (7.8457×10−9 cm2s-1)。此外，以 GP10C 作為陽極和陰極，使用 2M氫氧化鉀作為電解質的對稱超級電容器鈕扣電容在電流密度為 0.1 Ag-1 時表現出 19.4 Whkg-1 的高能量密度和 439Wkg-1 的功率密度，以及良好的循環穩定性:在，0.3 Ag-1 下，10000 次循環後，保持85%的比電容。第二，我們合成了一種簡單、環保、具有成本效益的異質元素（氮、磷和氟）共摻雜氧化石墨烯（NPFG）。通過水熱功能化和冷凍乾燥方法將氧化石墨烯進行還原。此材料具有高比表面積和層次多孔結構。我們廣泛研究了不同元素摻雜對合成的還原氧化石墨烯的儲能性能

的影響。在相同條件下測量比電容，顯示出比第一種方法生產的材料更好的超級電容。以最佳量的五氟吡啶和植酸 (PA) 合成的氮、磷和氟共摻雜石墨烯 (NPFG-0.3) 表現出更佳的比電容（0.5 Ag-1 時為 319 Fg-1），具有良好的倍率性能、較短的弛豫時間常數 (τ = 28.4 ms) 和在 6M氫氧化鉀水性電解質中較高的電解陽離子擴散係數 (Dk+ = 8.8261×10-9 cm2 s–1)。在還原氧化石墨烯模型中提供氮、氟和磷原子替換的密度泛函理論 (DFT) 計算結果可以將能量值 (GT) 從 -673.79 eV 增加到 -643.26 eV，展示了原子級能量如何提高與電解質

的電化學反應。NPFG-0.3 相對於 NFG、PG 和純 還原氧化石墨烯的較佳性能主要歸因於電子/離子傳輸現象的平衡良好的快速動力學過程。我們設計的對稱鈕扣超級電容器裝置使用 NPFG-0.3 作為陽極和陰極，在 1M 硫酸鈉水性電解質中的功率密度為 716 Wkg-1 的功率密度時表現出 38 Whkg-1 的高能量密度和在 6M氫氧化鉀水性電解質中，24 Whkg-1 的能量密度下有499 Wkg-1的功率密度。簡便的合成方法和理想的電化學結果表明，合成的 NPFG-0.3 材料在未來超級電容器應用中具有很高的潛力。

An Integrative Architecture for Systemic Functional Linguistics and Other Theories of Language: How Do We Choose?

為了解決Brief summary的問題，作者Fawcett, Robin P. 這樣論述：

The central concept in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is that of choice between meanings - these being realized in structures. The important question that forms the starting point for this book addresses is: How do we, as users of language, choose between the features in the system networks?

As the book shows, an adequate answer to this question presupposes an adequate overall model - or architecture - of language and its use. And, since all functional theories of language face the same challenge of modelling how we produce and understand sentences and the longer stretches of discourse

in which they occur, this book should interest all functionally-oriented linguists. As its title implies, this book surveys the various architectures that have been proposed in SFL both for the lexicogrammar itself and for the overall architecture within which this is set (with a brief look at the a

rchitectures of other functional models). It then proposes criteria for evaluating alternative overall architectures; and it identifies the type most likely to prove adequate in the long run. Such an architecture must have these two attributes: (i) it must be genuinely comprehensive, and so provide

for both the socio-cultural and the cognitive-interactive aspects of language, and (ii) it must work - i.e. it must be usable not only to describe texts - which is the essential first stage in developing such a model - but it must also be capable of being expressed sufficiently explicitly to be mode

lled in a computer. A major chapter then describes the preferred model - which is also the most comprehensive - component by component (at its current stage of development). Another provides a detailed picture of selected portions of an example of the key enabling innovation, i.e. the microplanner t

hat determines what elements in the message will be selected as various types of Theme. Then a third major chapter provides a walk through that illustrates the whole architecture at work (the context being an anxious moment in the life of a fictitious industrial spy). While many of the components de

scribed have been implemented in computer models of an earlier version of the proposed architecture, there is a strong emphasis on the need to integrate with this - which took an essentially a cognitive-interactive approach - the insights that emerge from the socio-cultural wing of work in SFL - wor

k that has so far proved less amenable to incorporation in computer models of language in use. The book concludes with a summary evaluation of existing proposals for alternative architectures in SFL, and by suggesting the further work that is needed to create and complete a new, genuinely comprehens

ive architecture. Robin P. Fawcett is Emeritus Professor in Linguistics and Director of the Computational Linguistics Unit, Centre for Language and Communication Research, Cardiff University. His research interests include general linguistics, systemic functional linguistics in a socio-cognitive f

ramework, the computer modelling of language in both generation and understanding, and English and other languages for both of these purposes and for the analysis of texts. His most recent publications include Meaning and Form: Systemic Functional Interpretations (co-edited with M. Berry, C. Butler

and G. Huang, 1996). He is also the series editor for Functional Linguistics and Discussions in Functional Approaches to Language, both published by Equinox.

以語音辨識系統改善臺灣國小五年級學童發音表現的效益

為了解決Brief summary的問題，作者張毓庭 這樣論述：

本研究探討利用語音辨識系統中分段式回饋的改善台灣國小五年級學生發 音表現之效益。本研究研究對象練習的課程分為三種，包括目標課程、支持課 程及額外課程。學生有確實練習並進行前後測的是目標課程。學生有練習但是 沒有前後測的是補充課程，而學生沒練習但是有前後測的是非目標課程。本研究旨除了觀察學生於目標課程的表現是否有進步，也觀察學生於非目標課程的表現，是否能因為於語音辨識系統的練習過程而獲得同步的提升。本研究以台北市某一國小共七十二位國小五年級學童為研究對象。兩個班中的二十五位學童(子音組)練習子音的目標課程及補充課程。兩個班中的二十九位學童練習母音(母音組)的目標課程及補充課程。一個班中的十八位

學童練習子音及母音組(子母音組)的目標及補充課程。練習活動共計進行五週，每週一次，每次四十分鐘。所有的組別都接受子音及母音於目標課程及非目標課程的前後測。此外，研究對象也於實驗結束後填寫問卷，表達對於語音辨識系統輔助發音學 習的看法。本研究結果如下:1. 於語音辨識系統的發音練習能顯著提升台灣國小五年級學生於練習過的子音 及母音課程中的發音能力(目標課程)。2. 即使沒有直接練習過，於語音辨識系統的發音練習亦能顯著的輔助提升台灣 國小五年級學生於子音及母音課程中的發音能力(非目標課程)。3. 於語音辨識系統發音練習對於子音組、母音組及子母音組的進步效益沒有顯著差異。4. 於語音辨識系統的發音練

習能對於學生於發音練習的態度有正向影響。根據上述研究結果，本研究建議於台灣國小英語教室可以使用語音辨識系統輔助教學，以促進學童英語發音之學習成效。